Epilogue
Being a universal player has always been one of chess's highest ideals. We imagine by that a player who can handle successfully many types of position, who is good in both attack and defence, and whose positional and tactical insights match each other.
We have to bear in mind, at the same time, that the ideal of universality is a very wide substratum which encompasses players of great individual differences. Kasparov, Spassky, Timman and Belyavsky are all universal players; yet what a huge difference there is in the personal chess outlook of each of them!
I hope that this book has given a fairly complete and authentic picture of one of the greatest universal players of chess's short history. But beyond his universality we could mark the personal properties of Fischer's chess approach. Would it be unjust of me to sum it up, for the sake of brevity, in one word - 'coherency' ? And yet, one cannot truly be considered a universal player unless one's play manifests one important quality: it has to be, to one extent or another, paradoxical!
The elements of chess are varied and, like those of life itself - which every all-embracing activity largely reflects - are contradictory. If a player truly succeeds in combining them into a whole, it implies that it would be impossible to predict when he would turn from one set of considerations to another, and when he would decide to make use of one element or another: when he would give preference to, say, dynamic positional considerations over material ones, or when taking risks would be considered by him more appropriate than reducing his opponent's options, or when exactly he would liquidate to a technical endgame, and not play for an elegant tactical solution.
Botvinnik once said about Fischer that he was born with the gift for chess - when he played one never knew what he was going to undertake a little bit later. As far as unpredictability is concerned, this is true for any universal player.
And this calls to mind one of the hottest current issues: the future of artificial intelligence in chess.
Much has been written lately about the computer's prospects of taking man's place on the highest chess throne within a few years. Being pre-programmed, the computer would ever fall short of equalling man in one respect: its programs would not be paradoxical enough to make its play unpredictable. Given that its technical capacities would ultimately outmatch human countergifts, it is inconceivable that a computer would make it to the top and stay an absolute chess monarch there. That one weakness - its predictability - would constantly enable human players to devise new methods to oppose it successfully.
And although we could, at times, find fault with a universal player like Fischer for not being true to himself in some of his decisions, a playing machine's greatest weakness, even at the outmost limits of universality possible for AI, would dwell in its being too true to itself.
References
What's in a Style?
1) In his article Won Stockholm nach Curaçao', Schweizerische Schachzeitung, April 1962, p.65.
Pawn Structure
2) Bobby Fischer, My 60Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p.298.
3) Chess Life, November 1966, p.261.
4) Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p. 135.
5) "Shakhmatny Obozrenye\ 64, 1971/21, translated by Peter Avery in Chess Canada, June-July 1971, p.3.
6) Bernard Cafferty, Candidates Matches 1971, Nottingham: The Chess Player, 1972, p.76.
7) Fischer versus Spassky, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972, p.49.
8) See Karpov-Miles, Skara 1980, which opened 1 e4 a6. Incidentally, the game was won by Miles!
9) Chess Life & Review, September 1970, p.491.
10) Aleksei Suetin, Schachstrategie der Weltmeister, Sportverlag Berlin, 1983, p.231.
11) Edmar Mednis, How to Beat Bobby Fischer, Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., p.27.
12) The development of this game up to White's 14th move is identical with four previous games: Gligoric-Sanguinetti, Gligoric-Neikirch and Panno-Benko, all from the 1958 Portoroz Interzonal, as well as Kupper-Neikirch from Munich 1958.
13) Vladas Mikenas in: Max Eu we, From Steinitz to Fischer, Belgrade: Chess Informant, 1976, p.66.
14) David Bronstein, The Chess Struggle in Practice, New York: David McKay Co., 1978, p.470.
15) Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p.293.
17) Edmar Mednis, How to Beat Bobby Fischer, Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., p.27.
18) See for instance:
Bondarevsky-Petrosian, Moscow 1951 Petrosian-Szabo, Zürich 1953 Nezhmetdinov-Petrosian, Kiev 1954
Czerniak-Petrosian, Belgrade 1954 Donner-Petrosian, Gothenburg 1955 Petrosian-Guimard, Gothenburg 1955 Petrosian-Bannik, Riga 1958 Petrosian-Barendregt, Beverwijk 1960 Petrosian-Unzicker, Hamburg I960 Gurgenidze-Petrosian, Moscow 1961 Bonch Osmolovsky-Petrosian, Moscow 1961 Korchnoi-Petrosian, Candidates (3rd cycle) 1962 Petrosian-Botvinnik, match (7) 1963 Spassky-Petrosian, match (3) 1966 Petrosian-Donner, Santa Monica 1966 Petrosian-Spassky, match (20) 1969 Petrosian-Portisch, match (13) 1974 Petrosian-R.Byrne, Moscow 1975 Petrosian-Portisch, Varese 1976.
19) Tigran Petrosian and Alexander Matanovic, eds., Soviet Union vs. World, Belgrade: Chess Informant, 1970, p.74.
20) Idem. These moves were mentioned by Fischer.
21) Chess Life & Review, August 1970, p.424.
22) Robert G. Wade, Sousse 1967, Nottingham: The Chess Player, 1968, p.20.
24) I am referring to Levy, Chernev, Kmoch, Bisguier & Soltis, Purdy, Paoli, Chistya-kov, Reinfeld and Vukovic, in various publications. They all mention either 38 <&g5 followed by &xg6 and <&xh5, or 38 Sei &d8 39 2e6, as White's methods of maintaining an endgame advantage.
25) Bucharest: Editura Sport-Turism, 1978, p.33.
26) Florin Gheorghiu, Parti de A lese, Bucharest: Editura Sport-Turism, 1980, p.217.
27) Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p.25.
28) Bernard Cafferty, Candidates Matches 197 L Nottingham: The Chess Player, 1972, p.113.
29) Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p.34.
33) New In Chess magazine 1989/4, p.30.
Piece Placement
1) In: Arnold Denker, My Best Games of Chess, New York: Dover, 1981, p. 194.
2) Related by Zuckerman in an article on the game in Chess Life, February 1967, p.39.
3) Isaac Kashdan, ed., SecondPiatigorsky Cup, Los Angeles: The Ward Ritchie Press, 1968, p.34.
4) Chess World (Australia), September-October 1967.
5) November 1970, p.278.
6) Chess Review, November 1968, p.329.
Material Considerations
1) Yakov Estrin, Weltmeister Lehren Schach, Hollfield: Joachim Beyer Verlag, 1979, p. 151.
2) Efim Geller, The King's Indian Defence, London: Batsford, 1980, p.93.
3) Mikhail Tal, The Life and Games of Mikhail Tal, New York: R.H.M. Press, 1976, p. 160.
4) Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p. 107, remark to Black's 5th move.
5) Chess Life, December 1963, p.302.
6) Alexander Matanovic, ed., Encyclopedia of Chess Openings, Belgrade: Chess Informant, 1975, Volume B, p.316/65.
7) Schweizerische Schachzeitung, June I960, p. 118.
8) Max Euwe, Bobby Fischer and His Predecessors, London: Bell & Sons, 1976, p. 169. Euwe mentions only 21 ... jLxf4 and 21 ... #d4+.
Timing
1) Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p.293, remark to White's 19th move.
3) Ajedrez, December 1966, p.400.
4) Bernard Cafferty, Candidates Matches 1971, Nottingham: The Chess Player, 1972, p. 177.
7) Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p. 177.
8) Deutsche Schachblätter, January 1971, p.3.
9) Robert G. Wade and Kevin J. O'Connell, eds., The Games of Robert J. Fischer, London: Batsford, 1973, p.392.
10) January 1988, pp.22-23.
Strategy
Strategic Plans
1) Gideon Barcza, Läszlo Alföldy, Jenö Kapu, Die Weltmeister des Schac hspiels, Vol. 2, Hungary: Corvina Verlag, 1975, p.320.
2) Max Euwe, Veldheerschap op 64. Velden, Amsterdam: Elsevier, p. 143. Raymond Keene & David Levy, Siegen Chess Olympiad, Sutton Coldfield: Chess, p. 127.
Seizing the Initiative
1) Deutsche Schachzeitung, October 1968, game 5368.
2) Robert G. Wade and Les S. Blackstock, eds.. Interzonal Chess Tournament, Palma de Mallorca 1970, Nottingham: The Chess Player, 1970, p.52. Wade pointed out that after 16 Sacl #b7 "Black should have the opportunity to play ... d3 keeping the file on to the weak d-pawn closed".
Typical Manoeuvres
1) Max Euwe, Bobby Fischer and His Predecessors, London. Bell & Sons, 1976, p.99.
2) Chess Canada, September 1971, p.8.
3) Aleksei Suetin, Schachstrategie der Weltmeister, Sportverlag Berlin, 1983, p.233.
4) Chief amongst them Suetin in the above.
The Art and Craft of Liquidation
2) Fischer won by: 40 &c6 <&e7 4! h4 h6 42 <&e3 &c8 43 &d3 £id6 44 &e3 &d8 45 &d3 &c7 46 &a4 <&b6 47 <&e3 &c5 48 &d7 &b6 49 £a4 &c7 50 &d3 &d8 51 &c6 &e7 52 &e3 <&e6 53 &f3 &f6 54 g4 g5 55 h5 &e7 56 &e3 &d8 57 &d3 &c7 58 &a4 &b6 59 &d7 &c5 60 £a4 &c8 61 &e8 &e7 62 &e3 ^g8 63 £d7 £if6 64 &f5 &b5 65 &d3 a4 66 bxa4+ -fea4 67 &c4 &a3 68 &c5 &xa2 69 &xb4 &b2 70 &c5 <&c3 71 &d6 &d4 72 &e6 &xe4 73 &f7 ®>ff2 74 &g6 e4 75 &xh6 e3 76 &g7 e2 77 h6 el=# 78 h7 #e7+ 79 &g8 &e4, 0-1. Damjanovic maintained that his 66th move was a grave error (??), and that 66 <&e3 a3 67 <&d3 was the right way to draw. However, in The Best Endings of Capablanca and Fischer, published by Chess Informant, Belgrade 1978, Matanovic, on p. 129, Pos. 190, shows that Black wins by 67 ... <&c5 68 <&e3 &e8 69 &d3 &d6 70 &d7 &c4! 71 &e8 &b2+ 72 &c2 &d4, or 72 &e3 &dl + followed by ...
3) Bernard Cafferty, Candidates Matches ¡97U Nottingham: The Chess Player, 1972, p. 176, remark to Black's (Fischer's) 13th move in the 6th match game against Petrosian, Candidates, Buenos Aires 1971.
4) Isaac Kashdan, ed., Second Piatigorsky Cup, Los Angeles: The Ward Ritchie Press, 1968, p.26.
5) Chess Review, September 1959, p.269.
6) Shakhmatny Moskva, 30 June 1962, p.2.
7) Shakhmatny Ezhegodnik ¡962, Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport, 1964, p.49.
8) Turnir Pretendentov, Central Chess Club, Moscow, 16th June 1962.
9) Petrosian's Best Games of Chess, London: Bell & Sons, 1964, p. 180.
11) Shakhmatny Ezhegodnik 1962, Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport, 1964, p. 180.
12) Bobby Fischer, My 60Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p.227.
Maintaining the Positional Tension
1) Shakhmatny Ezhegodnik I960, Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport, 1962, p.359.
2) Robert G. Wade and Kevin J. O'Connell, eds., The Games of Robert J. Fischer, London: Batsford, 1973, p.211.
3) The details of this incident were related by Andy Soltisin Chess Life, June 1986, p. 10.
4) Aleksandr S. Nikitin, Sitsilianskaya Zashchita, Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport, 1969, p.50.
5) R.Byrne, Moiseyev, Tal and Balashov, among others.
6) Chess Life & Review, August 1971, p.42l.
Switching Advantages
1) Boris S. Vainstein, David Bronstein - Chess Improviser, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1983, p.121.
2) Bernard Cafferty, Candidates Matches ¡971, Nottingham: The Chess Player, 1972, p. 177.
6) Chess Canada, December 1971, p.3.
7) Reuben Fine, The World's Great Chess Games, New York: Dover, 1976, p.376.
8) British Chess Magazine, December 1971, p.431.
9) Chess Life & Review, February 1972, p.85.
10) JoséMariaGonzález,ed., Match Fin al de Candidatos Fisch er-Petrosian Buen os A ires 1971, San Sebastián: Jaque, 1971, p.65.
11) Three Steps to Chess Mastery, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982, p. 156.
Playing for Space
1) Hans Kmoch, Chess Review May 1969, p. 152.
2) Partide Alese, Bucharest: Editura Sport-Turism, 1980, p.217.
The Role of Aesthetics
1) New in Chess magazine 1989/2, p.97.
2) Anatoly Karpov, Chess at the Top, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1984, p. 190.
3) Chess Praxis, New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1962, p.329.
4) Uldis Roze, The Living Earth, An Introduction to Biology, New York: Thomas J. Crowell Company, 1976, p.87.
5) Scientific American, November 1989, p. 19.
6) Yakov Estrin, Weltmeister Lehren Schach, Hollfield: Joachim Beyer Verlag, 1979, p. 152.
Weltgeschichte des Schachs, Lieferung 27 - Boris Spassky, Hamburg: Verlag Dr E. Wildhagen, 1972, last page.
7) Sahovski Glasnik (Yugoslavia) 1970/7, p.213.
The Poetry of Empty Squares
M Yakov Estrin & Isaac Romanov, The World Champions Teach Chess, London: A & C Black, 1988, p. 145.
3) Bobby Fischer, My 60Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p. 146.
4) Schach, December 1960, p.358.
5) Mikhail Tal, The Life and Games of Mikhail Tal, New York: R.H.M. Press, 1976, p.213.
6) Fischer-Darga, West Berlin 1960; Fischer-Mednis, US Championship 1962-63.
7) Jan Tim man, The Art of Chess Analysis, New York: R.H.M. Press, 1980, p.241.
10) Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969,p.289.
11) Explained in his book Think Like a Grandmaster, London: Batsford, 1971, pp.56-58.
13) Bernard Cafferty, Candidates Matches 1971, Nottingham: The Chess Player, 1972, p. 188.
14) Chess Review, March 1963, p.72.
15) How to Beat Bobby Fischer, Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., p. 182. Clarity
I) The liquidation to an active queen + rooks endgame, which might be the con sequence of this move, was quite typical of Capablanca, and occurred in a great number of his games. See for instance:
Janowski-Capablanca, New York 1918 Capablanca-Marshall, New York 1924 Yates-Capablanca, Moscow 1925 Dus Khotimirsky-Capablanca, Moscow 1925 Maroczy-Capablanca, Lake Hopatcong 1926 Capablanca-Vidmar, New York 1927 Nimzowitsch-Capablanca, New York, March 1927 Capablanca-Alekhine, match (I) 1927 Capablanca-Alekhine, match (5) 1927 Capablanca-Alekhine, match (25) 1927 Capablanca-Alekhine, match (27) 1927 Rubinstein-Capablanca, Berlin 1928 Capablanca-Michell, Ramsgate 1929 Winter-Capablanca. Ramsgate 1929 Yates-Capablanca, Ramsgate 1929 Colle-Capablanca, Carlsbad 1929 van den Bosch-Capablanca, Budapest 1929 Prokes-Capablanca, Budapest 1929 Ribera-Capablanca, Barcelona 1929 Euwe-Capablanca, match (6) 1931 Alatortsev-Capablanca, Moscow 1935 Capablanca-Eliskases, Moscow 1936 Capablanca-Stahlberg, Buenos Aires 1939 Of interest are also:
Watson-Capablanca, London 1922 Bogoljubow-Capablanca, New York 1924 Nimzowitsch-Capablanca, New York, February 1927
2) Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p.256.
3) Europe Echecss November 1962, p.237.
4) Deutsche Schachblätter, October-November 1962, p.241.
6) "Bronstein on his match for the World Championship', in Boris S. Vainstein, David Bronstein - Chess Improviser, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1983, pp.II8-9.
Straightforwardness
1) 'Shakhmatny Obozrenye', 64, 1971/21, p.4, translated by Peter Avery, Chess Canada, J une-July 1971, p. 3.
3) Chess Informant 9/356.
4) I rving Chernev, The Most Instructive Games of Chess Ever Played, London: Faber & Faber, 1966, p. 125.
5) Tigran Petrosian, Strategiya Nadezhnosti, Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport, 1985, p.271, translated in David Levy, How Fischer Plays Chess, Glasgow and London: Collins 1975, p. 135.
6) Tigran Petrosian and Alexander Matanovic, eds., Soviet Union v.y. World, Belgrade: Chess Informant, 1970, p.72.
7) Anatoly Karpov: 'After the match that did not take place', in: Kevin J. O'Connell and David Levy, Anatoly Karpov's Games as World Champion 1975-77, London: Batsford 1978, p. 14.
8) Mikhail Tal, V.Chepizhny & Aleksandr Roshal, Montreal 1979, Tournament of Stars, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980, p. 114, notes to the game Ljubojevic-Larsen from the 10th round.
9) Chess Life, December 1962, p.275.
10) Isaac Kashdan, ed., SecondPiatigorsky Cup, Los Angeles: The Ward Ritchie Press, 1968, p.63.
11) Grandmaster Preparation^ Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981, p.230.
Alertness
1) Chess Review, September 1959, p.267.
2) Nicevski's birthplace was taken from: Jeremy Gaige, Chess Personalia: A Biobiblio-graph)\ Jefferson: McFarland & Co. Inc., 1987, p.302.
3) Bobby Fischer, My 60Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p.28.
4) Mentioned by Fischer in the above, p.29.
Reducing the Opponent's Options
1) David Levy, Karpov's Collected Games, London: Robert Hale Company, 1975. Karpov's notes to game 461, p.239.
2) Fischer versus Spassky, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972, p. 104.
3) Bobby Fischer's Conquest of the World Chess Championship, London: Bell & Sons, 1973, p.251.
4) December 1972, p.747.
5) Mikhail Tal, The Life and Games of Mikhail Tal, New York: R.H.M. Press, 1976, p.241.
Playing to Win
The Will to Win
Active Defence and Counter play
1) Related by Tal in The Life and Games of Mikhail Tai New York: R.H.M. Press, 1976, p. 106.
2) Pointed out by Ludek Pachman in Schach-Echo, January 1967, p.8.
3) XV11 Schacholympiade 1966, Sportverlag Berlin 1967, p. 171.
4) This line was partly mentioned by Hans Kmoch in Chess Review, September 196X, p.281.
6) Mr Joop Piket, father of GM Jeroen Piket.
Taking Risks
2) Wade (in Chess, 22nd October \965),Ajedrez(SuplementoNo. 13, 1965, p.4)besides Kmoch and Najdorf.
3) Kmoch in Chess Review (October 1965, p.317) writes: "Najdorf, who happened to be in New York, was shown this game and recalled that 16 jfc.g5 was once played with devastating effect".
4) Fischer's Chess Games, Oxford University Press, 1980, p.43.
5) Y. Averbakh, M.A.Beyline, Voyage au royaume des échecs, Paris: Payot, 1980, p.280.
6) Fischer's Chess Games, Oxford University Press, 1980, p.20.
Practical Chances
Exploiting Practical Chances
1) Weltschachturnier, Zürich 1959, Zürich: Edition Olms, 1959, p.199.
2) Chess Life & Review, January 1971, p.66.
3) Bronstein (in 64), O'Kelly (in Europe Echecs), Wade (in the tournament book), Medina (in Jaque Mate), the magazines Revista de Sah and the Latvian Sahs.
Traps
1) Item 1696 in The Russell Collection, taken from Chess Notes No. 45, Edward Winter, ed., Geneva, May-June 1989, p.75.
2) Sahovski Glasnik (Yugoslavia), July 1970, pp.203-4.
4) SvetozarGligoricand Vladimir Ragozin, Kandidatenturnier Für Schachweltmeisterschaft, Bled, Zagreb, Beograd 1959, Belgrade: Yugoslav Chess Federation, 1960, p.79.
5) Chess Review, November 1961, p.332.
6) Editor's note. Obviously the author refers to the first game of the 1972 World Championship match, in which the following position was reached:
White: &d3 &cl Aa3, b5, e3, f2, g2, h2 Black: *f8 £d6 Ä a7, b7, e6, f6, g7, h7.
Fischer played 29 ....&xh2, and after 30 g3 followed by king to the kingside Black was soon a piece for two pawns down.
At one level, a 'primary school blunder' certainly, but on readingthe chapters on 'Taking Risks' and 'Exploiting Practical Chances', one suspects that this was a deliberate effort by Fischer to win, or at least to create residual winning chances. In which case, one wonders whether Spassky was not so much setting a shallow chess trap but rather a very deep psychological one. In his preparation for the match he would doubtless have taken note of games in which Fischer had gone very close to the brink in attempting to win a drawish position, and might well have reasoned that if presented with highly simplified positions early in the match, before he had had time to settle down, there was a fair chance that Fischer would present an easy point by going berserk trying to win. Plausible?
Tactics
Tactical Insight
1) Keres, Euwe, Sosonko, Wade, Gheorghiu, Stefaniu, Trifunovic, in various publi cations, mentioned only the unplayability of 28 ... dxe4 29 £}3xe4.
2) Mednis, Gligoric, Ciric, Boleslavsky, in various publications.
Double-Edged and Speculative Chess
1) Chess Review, July 1962, p.220.
3) José Maria González, ed., Match Final de Candidatos Fischer-Petrosian Buenos Aires 1971, San Sebastián: Jaque 1971, p.35. Remark to move 11 in the 3rd game.
4) Paul Keres: "Bobby Fischer — from the opposite side of the board', in: Robert G. Wade and Kevin J. O'Connell, eds.. The Games of Robert J. Fischer, London: Batsford, 1979, p.323.
7) Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1984, p.246.
9) Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969. p.365. What Fischer missed was the fact that after 22 #g4 Af6 23 2xf6 £xb3 24 Ef4 Black had 24 ... Ä.a2+'., forcing mate.
10) The Application of Chess Theory, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1984, pp.251-2.
11) Raymond Keene, The Chess Combination from Philidor to Karpov, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977, p.139.
12) Paul Keres and Ivo Nei, 4 x 25, Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1975, p.60.
13) Shakhmaty v SSSR, November 1970, p. 19.
14) Sahovski Glasnik (Yugoslavia), July 1970, p. 185.
15) How Fischer Plays Chess, Glasgow and London: Collins 1975, p. 138.
16) Román Torán, David Bronstein, Amsterdam: W. Ten Have Verlag, 1962, p.22.
17) Tigran Petrosian and Alexander Matanovic, eds., Soviet Union V5 World, Belgrade: Chess Informant, 1970, p.40.
18) Bobby Fischer and His Predecessors, London: Bell & Sons, 1976, p. 109.
19) David Levy, How Fischer Plays Chess, Glasgow and London: Collins, 1975, p. 132.
22) Chess, April 20th 1970, p.255.
23) Tigran Petrosian and Alexander Matanovic, eds., Soviet Union vs World, Belgrade: Chess Informant, 1970, p.40.
24) Chess Life, October 1966, p.247.
25) Isaac Kashdan, ed.. SecondPiatigorsky Cup, Los Angeles: The Ward Ritchie Press, 1968, p.181.
27) Idem
Missing Tactical Tricks
1 ) Isaac Kashdan, ed., Second Piatigorsky Cup, Los Angeles: The Ward Ritchie Press, 1968, p.27.
3) Chess, December 11th 1967, p. 102.
4) The main line of this continuation was mentioned in Robert G. Wade and Kevin J. O'Connpll, eds., The Games of Robert J. Fischer, London: Batsford, 1973, p.279.
5) XVII Schacholympiade Havana 1966, Sportverlag Berlin, 1967, p.26.
Technical Aspects
Technique
1) Robert G. Wade and Kevin J. CTConnell, eds., The Games of Robert J. Fischer, London: Batsford, 1973, p.207.
2) Pointed out by Fischer in My 60 Memorable Games, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969, p.239.
3) Think Like a Grandmaster, London: Batsford, 1974, p.63.
The Bishop Pair
1) Isaac Kashdan, ed., SecondPiatigorsky Cup, Los Angeles: The Ward Ritchie Press, 1968, p.34.
2) Bernard Cafferty, Candidates Matches 1971, Nottingham: The Chess Player, 1972, pp. 183-4.
Rook Endgames with Bishops of Opposite Colours
1) Feurstein-Fischer, Log Cabin 1957 (Vi-Vi), Fischer-Sandrin, North Central Open 1957 (1-0), Walther-Fischer, Zürich 1959 (Vi-Vi\ Benko-Fischer, 1st cycle, Candidates 1959 (■/$-'/$), Fischer-Reshevsky, match (4) 1961 ('/£-'/$), Fischer-Benko, 2nd cycle, Candidates 1962 (1-0), Fischer-Korchnoi, 3rd cycle, Candidates 1962 (0-1, Pos. 301), Fischer-Addison, US Championship 1962-63 (1-0), Greenwald-Fischer, New York Open 1963 (0-1),
Fischer-Addison, US Championship 1966-67 C/J-!^),
Korchnoi-Fischer, Rovinj-Zagreb 1970
Fischer-Polugayevsky, Palma de Mallorca 1970 ('/i-'/i), plus the six games from which the positions in this section are taken.
2) Alexander Matanovic, ed., The Best Endings of Capablanca and Fischer, Belgrade: Chess Informant, 1978, p. 100, Position 106.
Superficiality
1) Yakov Estrin and Isaac Romanov, The World Champions Teach Chess, London: A & C Black, 1988, p. 148.
2) See his remark in My 60 Memorable Games, p. 139.
3) Fischer versus Spassky, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972, p.83.
Misplaying Won Positions
1) Chess Life & Review. August 1971, p.421.
2) Vukovic in Sahovski Glasnik, June 1959, p. 124. Triiunovic in Yugoslav Chess
Triumphs, Belgrade: Chess Informant, 1976, game 708, pp.277-8.
3) Losbladige Schaakberichten (Chess Archives), 5 September 1959.
Typical Blunders and Oversights
1) Fischer's comment in Chess Informant 10/155.
2) Chess Life, October 1963, p.238, with reference to White's 12th move in Greenwald-Fischer, New York State Open 1963.
3) Kmoch, Euwe, Unzicker, Milic, Mednis, in various publications.
5) Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1984, p.242.
6) Bent Larsen, Larsen's Selected Games of Chess 1948-69, London: Bell & Sons, 1970, p.123.
Towards a Comprehensive Vision
The Grand Lines
1) Jaan Eslon pointed out the relationship of these two games in an article in New In Chess magazine 1988/4, pp.43-7.
2) Ludek Pachman, Decisive Games in Chess History, New York: Dover, 1972, p.243.
3) Svetozar Gligoric, The French Defence, New York: R.H.M. Press, 1975, p.85.
4) Het Groot Analyseboek, Amsterdam: Andriessen, 1979, p.32.
The Unified Vision
2) These moves were pointed out by David Levy in his book How Fischer Plays Chess, Glasgow and London: Collins, 1975, p.61.
Index
Numbers refer to diagrams and neighbouring text
Addison 3, 108, 178, 292 Ader 102 Agdestein 41
Alekhine 74, 102, 167, 252, 261 Alvarez 75
Andersson 80, 102, 204, 262 Averbakh 98, 157, 225
Balashov 25 Barcza 4, 104, 167, 179 Baron 314 Bazan 208 Belyavsky epilogue Benko 42,171,207 Berliner 1, 256 Bertok 166, 279, 321 Bhend 92 Bijl introduction
Bisguier 2, 25, 37, 89, 105, 153, 196, 253, 273 Blau 139 Bogdanovic 251
Bolbochan, Jacopo 11, 12, 13, 278 Boleslavsky 90, 144, 217
Botvinnik 1, 52, 102, 137, 155, 167, 190, 217, 231, 285, 293, 319, epilogue
Browne 305
Bukic 90
Burger 228
Byrne, Donald 65, 268
Byrne, Robert 18, 150, 154, 158, 181, 200, 254, 264, 312
Capablanca 157, 162, 175, 272 Cardoso 85
Chandler 316
Chigorin 252
Ciocaltea 17, 151, 236, 283
Clarke 144
Coudari 230
Czerniak 218
Damjanovic 132 Danov 320 Doda 249 Donner 19,214,248 Durao 58, 118, 149, 246 Dubois 295
Eliskases 41, 310 EIo 213 Emma 21
Euwe 20, 92, 104, 121, 253, 302 Evans 234, 298, 303
Filip 112,212 Fine 158, 200 Flohr 253 Foguelman 241 Forintos 291 Frost, Robert 167
Geller 84, 114, 169, 181, 202, 205, 250, 251, 252, 307, 308 German 38
Gheorghiu 57, 64, 111, 120, 130
Gligoric 30,47, 71,78, 81,142,164, 175, 187,199,200, 204,237,238, 244,252, 296
Gufeld 186
Ibrahimoglu 74 Ilievski 152 Ivanchuk 65
Jacob, François 162 Jimenez 247, 286 Johannessen 176, 217 Johansson 106
Kagan 51 Kalme 210,211 Kan 144
Karpov 162, 170, 175, 184, 185, 197, 217 Kashdan 184
Kasparov 41, 102, 145, 167, 184, epilogue Keene 104, 252 Keller 43
Keres 39, 96, 114, 145, 231, 250, 252, 267, 271 Kholmov 313, 317
Kmoch 167, 171, 174, 222, 228, 239, 251, 302 Korchnoi 35, 98, 173, 181, 182, 206, 215, 220, 301 Kotov 4, 171, 271 Kuprejanov 230 Kurajica 131
Larsen 61, 127, 128, 129, 131, 156, 157, 162, 170,204,219,220,254,265,270, 278, 280, 315, 317 Lasker 220, 226 Lehmann 222
Letelier 66, 68, 282, 294, 296, 311 Levy 104, 252 Lilienthal 251, 319 Littlewood 260 Ljubojevic 252 Lombardy 50
Matanovic 101, 316 Matulovic 78, 86, 197, 205 Mecking 272
Miagmarsuren 52, 168, 172
Miles 31
Minev 94
Minie 70, 252, 287
Monod, Jacques 162
Moss 226
Najdorf 16, 19, 24, 60, 67, 124, 157, 158, 163, 179, 183, 223, 250, 264 Naranja 127, 129 Nei 314 Neikirch 253
Nezhmetdinov 252 Nicevsk i 22, 191 Nikitin 41, 154 Nikolic, Predrag 316 Nimzowitsch 162, 218
Olafsson, Fridrik 10, 44, 45, 49, 146, 147 O'Kelly 179, 251
Pachman 31, 53, 95, 235, 242, 288, 317 Panno 97, 243 Parma 27, 290 Penrose, Roger 162, 166
Petrosian 5, 6, 23, 46, 59, 70, 88,98, 102, 144, 157, 158, 166,173, 184, 185,194, 217, 250, 253, 271, 285, 319 Perez 221 Pilnik 62
Polugayevsky 158, 189, 248 Pomar 141, 255, 293 Popel 117 Popov 229 Porat 109
Reshevsky 29, 41, 63, 64, 99, 107, 151, 192, 193, 239, 256, 261, 271, 304
Riumin 252
Robatsch 70, 274
Rogers 162
Rojan 253
Romanishin 170
Rossetto 14
Rossolimo 266
Roze, Uldis 162
Rubinetti 275
Rubinstein 272
Rustaveli, Shota 167
Saidy 32, 116, 160, 195, 204 Sanguinetti 309 Sarapu 101, 298 Schoene 138 Schweber 121, 244, 280 Seirawan 204
Shamkovich 98, 134, 157, 180
Sherwin 113, 240, 277, 299
Soruco 79
Spassky 27, 28, 30, 48, 72, 83, 96, 147, 165, 185, 200, 204, 250, 258, 263, 296,
318, epilogue
Speelman 252
Stefaniu 57
Stein 252, 260
Steiner, Herman 184
Steinitz 295
Steinmeyer 297
Suarez 157
Suetin 33, 61, 131, 144, 158, 253, 315 Sultanbeieff 91 Sutiles 68, 155, 269 Szabo 103, 135, 209, 225
Taimanov 7, 13, 25, 55, 56, 122, 154, 156, 181, 205, 224
Tal 1,25,42,54,84, 102, 137, 162, 169, 175, 181, 190,201,216,230,231,250,
251, 252
Tarrasch 162
Tatai 74
Timman 65, 162, 170, 252, 317, epilogue Tolush 252
Trifunovic 9, 33, 47, 237, 253, 302 Troianescu 77, 276 Tukmakov 82
Udovcic 33
Uitumen 159
Unzicker 104, 134, 319
Vaganian 204, 252 Verhoeven introduction Vitolins 157 Vukovic 237, 252, 302
Yanofsky, Daniel 140, 226
Zagoriansky 225 Zaitsev, Igor 317 Zuckerman 72, 236
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